{"id":31135,"date":"2016-11-17T15:08:28","date_gmt":"2016-11-17T09:38:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ignca.gov.in\/?page_id=31135"},"modified":"2016-11-17T15:09:38","modified_gmt":"2016-11-17T09:39:38","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ignca.gov.in\/hi\/online-digital-resources\/jataka-stories\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"GLOSSARY"},"content":{"rendered":"

GLOSSARY<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
The Abhidhamma Pitaka<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n\n

\n It deals with the philosophy and psychology of the Theravada school of Buddhism. The \u201ctheravada<\/i>\u201d, however, refers to that school of Buddhism which, supposedly \u201cadhere to the most original and purest form of the Buddhist teachings\u201d, advocated by those theras (monks) who obtained the erudition directly through the Master. Further, they used the bhasa Magadhika<\/i> or the mula bhasa<\/i> (the original language)[1] to record the original text or the pariyaya<\/i>, (the text of the canons). The term pariyaya<\/i>, however, when abbreviated became \u2018pari\u2019 or \u2018pali\u2019; and in course of time was applied to denote the language of the entire gamut of the canons; and the exegeses and other compositions on those texts having the same language.\n <\/p>\n

\n Aggam bahusuttadinam, kosarakkham mahesino
\n Sammannitvana attanam thero dhammam apucchi so
\n Tatha sammanniyattanam dhammasanagato sayam
\n Visajjesi tam Ananda-thero dhamm\u2019 asesato. (Mahavamsa<\/i> 34-35)\n <\/p>\n

\n The other two Pitakas or the collection of the Buddhist canons are the Vinaya Pitaka<\/i> (Collection of the codes and conducts for the monks and nuns) and Sutta Pitaka<\/i> (the collection of the discourses of the Buddha).\n <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Anagami<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne who has attained the third stage in the process of the break up of the samyojanas or the worldly fetters so that one would not be reborn on the sensuous plane or the earth but may be reborn in the highest heaven to attain Arahataship.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Anomadassi<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Arati<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the three daughter of Mara, which literally means Discontent.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Arahata<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne who has completely destroyed the worldly fetters or samyojanas<\/i> and thus has attained perfection in the Buddhist sense by realising the Nibbana (Absolute Deliverance).\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Asoka<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nThe third century emperor of a large part of India with the capital in ancient Patna. Often considered as the greatest of all monarchs of all times whether Indian or foreign. He was the chief patron of Buddhism who spread it in several parts of Asia. Historically, the foundation of the city of Sri Nagar in Kashmir is also ascribed to him.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Atthadassi<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Buddha<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n\n

\n The Buddha is a generic and appelative name, which must not be confused with a proper name. The term has a definite connotation, which refers to \u201cone who has attained Enlightenment\u201d. The Pali commentaries mention four categories of the Buddha, first being the category of the Sabbannu Buddhas or the Omniscient Buddhas, which refers to the class of the Enlightened Buddhas, who preach for the Nibbana for the others. The second category of the Buddhas is that of the Paccheka Buddhas, who are also Enlightened but do not preach for the spiritual evolution of the others. The third group of the Buddhas commonly designated by Chatusaccha Buddhas refers to the arahantas<\/i> (i.,e., those who have destroyed their defilements or asavas<\/i>); and finally the category of the Bahussuta Buddhas refers to the learned ones.\n <\/p>\n

\n The Pali tradition gives the list of twenty-four Buddhas who were born before Sakyamuni Buddha or popularly known Gotama Buddha (Sanskrit: Gautama Buddha). They are Dipankara, Kondanna, Mangala, Sumana, Revata, Sobhita, Anomadassi, Paduma, Narada, Paduma Uttara, Sumedha, Sujata, Piyadassi, Atthadassi, Dhammadassi, Siddhattha, Tissa, Phussa, Vipassi, Sikhi, Vessabhu, Kakusandha, Konagamana, and Kassapa.\n <\/p>\n

\n Further, the above tradition also adds the names of three Buddhas, namely, Tanhankara, Medhankara and Sarankara, who were born before Dipankara Buddha.\n <\/p>\n

\n The Buddhavamsa<\/i> gives the particulars of each of the Buddhas with the details on their first sermons; aura of their bodies; description as to which Bodhisatta became which Buddha and so on. (see Buddhavamsa Atthakatha<\/i> for more details).\n <\/p>\n

\n The Lalitavistara<\/i> gives a list of fifty-four Buddhas; and the Mahavastu<\/i> tenders a list of over hundred Buddhas.\n <\/p>\n

\n The Chakkavatti Sihanada Sutta of the Digha Nikaya gives the particulars of Metteya Buddha or the Future Buddha. (The Sanskritised version of Metteya is Maitreya). Further, the Anagatavamsa<\/i> gives a detailed account of the Future Buddha. Some Singhalese commentaries, however, come out with a list of another nine Future Buddhas in addition to Metteya. They are Uttama, Rama, Pasenadai Kosala, Abhibhu, Dighasoni, Sankaccha, Subha, Todeya, and Nalagiri Palaleyya.\n <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Bodhi tree<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nTree of Enlightenment. Gotama Buddha attained Enlightenment under the pipal<\/i> tree (or ficus religiosa<\/i> belonging to the family Moraceae).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bodhisatta in Pali Tradition\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n\n

\n The protagonist of every Jataka story is the Bodhisatta, which means a being who aspires to achieve the bodhi<\/i> or Englightenment to become a Buddha. Further, after resolving thus without declaring his intention to others, i.e., manopanidhi<\/i> he makes a solemn resolution before a Buddha (abhiniharakarana<\/i> or mulanidhana<\/i>) for the welfare and liberation of all creatures. As regard to Gotama Buddha his abhinihara<\/i> was made before Dipankara Buddha; and at that time his name was Sumedha. The Buddha then approves of the abhinihara<\/i> by the declaration (vyakarana<\/i>) that the Bodhisatta shall become a Buddha. Then the Bodhisatta seeks to achieve the Buddhakarakadhamma<\/i> (the qualities of the Buddhahood). These he discovers in ten perfections (dasa-parami<\/i>), namely, dana (charity), sila<\/i> (right-conduct), nekkhama, panna<\/i> (wisdom), viriya<\/i> (steadfastness), khanti<\/i> (forbearance), saccha<\/i> (truthfulness), aditthana, metta<\/i> (loving compassion), upekkha<\/i> (non-attachability). In the case of Sumedha Bodhisatta, who became Gotama Buddha, these perfections were best exemplified in Ekaraja, Khantivadi, Chulla Sankhapala, Maha Janaka, Mahasutasoma, Mugapakkha, Lomahamsa, Sattubhattaka, Sasa and Sutasoma Jatakas.\n <\/p>\n

\n Further, a Bodhisatta has to develop four bhumis<\/i>, namely, ussaha<\/i> or viriya<\/i> (zeal), ummagga<\/i> or panna<\/i> (wisdom), avatthana<\/i> or adhitthana<\/i> (resolution) and hitachariya<\/i> or metta<\/i> (compassion). Then he practices six ajjhasayas<\/i> or the factors conducive to the maturing of the bodhi<\/i>.\n <\/p>\n

\n Budhaghosa: The greatest scholar of the Pali literature. Born in Bodh Gaya in the fifth century AD. He wrote commentaries on most of the texts of the Tipitaka. He translated many Singhalese commentaries into Pali. His mangnum opus<\/i> is the Visuddhimagga<\/i>, which is regarded as the \u201cEncyclopedia of Buddhism\u201d.\n <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Bodhisattva (The Mahayana Traditions)\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n\n

\n Each of the Mahayana schools, namely, Paramita, Yoga and Anuttara have their unique views of the Buddhas and the Bodhisattvas. Yet for all practical purposes it may be said that they believe in the Adi Buddha (having no beginning and no end). The union of the Adi Buddha and the Adi Prajna (Wisdom-having-no-beginning-and-no-end) accounts for the hierarchies of the Buddhist deities.\n <\/p>\n

\n Further, it is believed that there are five Dhyani Buddhas immersed in deep meditation. They are Vairochana, Aksobhya, Ratnasambhava, Amitabha and Amoghasiddhi, which also refer to the families (kula<\/i>) of the Anuttara Tantra. Vajradhara is further added as the sixth family, which is believed to be of the highest kind. It may be noted that there are varieties of Tantras according to the various families; and kriyas<\/i>. Eventually, there are Tantras embodying evocations (sadhana) and rites (vidhi) specifically meant for the individual families as well as for the families in general. Each of the family has a kulesha or lord of the family (Progenitor) and the progeny (kulika). In the above system of Tantra Vairochana is the Progenitor and Victor (Jina). The deities and their transformations created by his mudra (seal) are his progeny.\n <\/p>\n

\n The five families of the Yoga Tantra are Tathagata, Ratna, Padma, Karma and Vajra. The family of the Tathagata is the highest.\n <\/p>\n

\n Coming back to the five Dhyani Buddhas, who do not take part in the affairs of the world. They are seldom portrayed individually. They may appear on the tiara of the male and the female divinities emanated from them or round their heads in group of five. All the five Dhyani Buddhas are shown seated in Vajrasana, when the legs are closely crossed and locked and soles are visible. Each of the five Dhyani Buddhas has his unique distinctive mark and characteristics. For example, Varirochana is white; Akshobhya is blue; Ratnasambhava is yellow; Amitabha is red; and Amoghasiddhi is green. Further, each represents a direction and has a representative element and a sense-corresponding object.\n <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Brahamana\/brahmin\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\na priestly caste, which the Buddha never accepted on the theory of birth.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chaddanta<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nsix-tusked elephant.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chataka<\/i><\/b><\/td>\na favourite Indian bird for the poets for comparison with the lover having lost his beloved.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chakkavala<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nthe world-system. The Pali tradition believes that there are ten thousand world-systems, which sustain life like ours.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Deva<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nradiant beings. Wrongly translated as God.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Chitrakuta<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nIn the Jataka context this is a mountain peak in the Himalayan region, which does refer to the mountain peak of the central India.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dighabhanakas<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nthose who compiled and recited the Digha Nikaya (a book of the Sutta Pitaka) which contains the discourses of large size.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dhammadasvsi\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dhamma<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nThe latter two pitakas, collectively called the \u2018Dhamma\u2019 (or the doctrine), are the collection of the recitations given by the thera Ananda (the closest disciple of the Buddha) in the same council. The recitations of the aforementioned two monks, as a matter of fact, are the answers by way of the explanations and elucidations to the questions posed by the President of the council – Mahathera Mahakassapa.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dhyani (Meditating) Buddhas\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nA Dhyani Buddha is one who does not take part in the affairs of the world. The five Dhyani Buddhas are Vairochana, Aksobhya, Ratnasambhava, Amitabha and Amoghasiddhi, who also refer to the families (kula<\/i>) of the Anuttara Tantra. Vajradhara is computed as the sixth family, which is believed to be of the highest class. A Dhyani Buddha is seldom portrayed individually. He may appear on the tiara of the male and the female divinities emanated from them or round their heads in a group of five. All the five Dhyani Buddhas are shown seated in Vajrasana, legs being closely crossed and locked and the soles visible.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dipankara\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Jambu<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n\n

Eugenia Jambolana.<\/i><\/p>\n

\n Khandha (Aggregate Mara), Kilesa (Defilement) Mara, Abhisankhara (Accumulated Karma) Mara, Macchu (Death) Mara, and Devaputta (four archangels of Yama). Mara is called Namuchi as no one can escape him. He is called Vasavatti, because \u201che rules all\u201d. Whenever, he finds some one treading the path of virtuosity he creates obstacles and hindrances.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Kakusandha\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kassapa<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Khattiya\/Ksatriya\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the four varnas of the traditional Indian society designative to the warrior class.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kokanada Lute\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nIt is called so perhaps because it has a colour of red lotus or it is derived from the name of the country where it originated. See Kusa Jataka No.531.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Konagamana<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kondanna<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lalitavistara<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mahavamsa<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nA Sinhalese chronicle and a principal source for the construction of the history of ancient India. This chronicle presents the history of India, particularly of Chanakya, Chandra Gupta Maurya and Ashoka the Great and so on. It may be pointed out that without the existence of these chronicles, we would not have known the history of ancient India, particularly down to the Mauryan Age.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mangala<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mara<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nSee story of Mara<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Matanga<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nthe world\u2019s first crusader against the untouchability. See Matanga Jataka<\/a>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Metteya\/Maitreya\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nThe future Budddha. See Metteya<\/a>.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Metta <\/i><\/b><\/td>\n(compassion).\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nagas<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nSerpants with spiritual powers and not the ordinary snakes\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Narada<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Niddesa<\/i><\/b><\/td>\na book of the Khuddakanikaya<\/i>, generally, ascribed to Sariputta and Mahakacchana.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Paccheka Buddha\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nA Paccheka Buddha is one who has attained the supreme and perfect insight but dies without proclaiming the truth to the world. He is, therefore, called \u201cthe Silent Buddha.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Paduma<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Padumav<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Panna<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n(Sanskrit: Prajna): wisdom.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Panchavaggiya bhikkhus\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nThe five monks, who first learnt the teachings of the Buddha in Sarnath and became his first followers. They were the companions of the Buddha when he practised penance in Uruvela before his Enlightenment.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Parami<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nThe unique qualities of the Buddhahood (Buddhakarakadhamma<\/i>) to be developed by a Bodhisatta by way of ten perfections or parami<\/i>-s, namely, dana<\/i> (charity), sila<\/i> (right-conduct), nekkhama (dispassionateness), panna<\/i> (wisdom), viriya<\/i> (steadfastness), khanti<\/i> (forbearance), saccha<\/i> (truthfulness), aditthana<\/i> (pledge), metta<\/i> (loving compassion), upekkha<\/i> (non-attachability). The Bodhisatta\u2019s struggle for those perfections are well exemplified in Ekaraja, Khantivadi, Chulla Sankhapala, Maha Janaka, Mahasutasoma, Mugapakkha, Lomahamsa, Sattubhattaka, Sasa and Sutasoma Jatakas.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Paticcasamuppada\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nthe Buddhist theory of causality. See C.B.Varma, A Concise Encyclopedia of Early Buddhist Philosophy<\/i> for details.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pataliputta<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n(Sanskritised: Pataliputta; modern Patna). The capital of the Mauryans (321 B.C.185 B.C.)\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Phussa<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pitaka<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nThe Buddhist canons, namely, Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka. Jataka is one of the fifteen texts of the Khuddaka Nikaya, which is a book of short (khuddhaka) discourses of the Buddha.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Piyadassi<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Raga<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the three daughter of Mara, which literally means Lust.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Revata<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sacchakiriya<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nAct of Truth. To obtain the desired result the force of an act is invoked. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sakka\/Shakra\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nIndra<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sakadagami\/Sakidagami\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sakidagami\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nthe second step towards the Arahatahood in course of the destruction of the samyojanas<\/i> or fetters. A Sakidagami is born for the maximum of one birth on the earth.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sal\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nAssakarni; Shorea rubusta gaertin<\/i> belonging to the family of Dipterocarpaceae.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sal<\/i><\/b><\/td>\na kind of tree.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shastras<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nthe scriptures or the works on some knowledge systems.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Siddhattha<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sikhi<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sobhita<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sotapanna<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nthe first step towards the Arahatahood in course of the destruction of the samyojanas<\/i> or fetters. A Sotapanna is born for the maximum of seven births on the earth.\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sujata<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sukara-maddava\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n\u201cSukara-maddava<\/i>\u201d served to the Budddha before his death is sometimes interpreted as the \u201cpig\u2019s meat\u201d. But such inference cannot be conclusive because sukara-sali<\/i> means \u201cwild rice\u201d; and maddava<\/i> (Skt. Maardava, derived from mridu<\/i>, means \u201csweet\u201d)]. The Pali-English Dictionary<\/i> (T.W.Rhys Davids & William Stede pp.721; 518-19) interprets maddava<\/i> as \u201csoft\u201d; and \u201cwithered\u201d [or parched]. So, it is quite likely that the food, which the Buddha took before his death was the parched rice (bhoonja<\/i>, a popular food-item of north Bihar and Eastern Uttara Pradesh, where the Buddha breathed his last. Besides, the Buddha had categorically condemned the profession of the pork-butcher Chunda Sukarika, who had to grunt like a pig for seven days before his death because of his cruel profession; and was finally \u201cconsumed by the fire of the hell\u201d. [See Dhammapada Atthakatha<\/i> i.105 ff]. Last but not least, the rules for the acceptance of the food in the Buddhist order were very severe those days. For example, Sariputta was allowed to take the garlic just for the medical reason).\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sumana<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sumedhav<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tanha<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the three daughter of Mara, which literally means Craving.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tavatimsa<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nThe heavenly world where the Buddha first taught the Abhidhamma.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tinduka tree\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\ndiosperos embryopteris.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tissa<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tusita loka<\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n

<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tusita heaven\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Upaveda<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nmedicinal science, military science, music and architecture.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Uposatha<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nThe sacred day of the Buddhists for the recitation of the Patimokkha; and fasting.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Uttara<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vayu<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nWind; also reckoned as one of the devas like Agni etc.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vassavasa<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nLiterally means, \u201cdwelling place for the rainy-season\u201d. A monk is not supposed to undertake a journey in the rainy season; and is bound by the rule of the order to spend the season in a fixed place.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vessabhu<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vidyadhara<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nThe fairest women believably dwelling in the Himalayan region and possessing the power of special sciences to perform spells\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vihara<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nmonastery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vinaya Pitaka
\n<\/i><\/b><\/td>\n		deals with the Buddhist codes and conduct and may be regarded as the Corpus of the Discipline. It supposedly records the recitations made by the thera Upali in the council. <\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Vipassi<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nOne of the Buddha\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yakkha\/ Yaksa\t<\/i><\/b><\/td>\na non-human being often identified with ogres or ghosts with varied appearances with great supernatural powers. See \u2018The Man who Read Foot-Prints\u2019.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yamaraja<\/i><\/b><\/td>\nthe Lord of Death.\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n

[ Content List<\/a> ]<\/b><\/p>\n

[ Thematic Categories<\/a> | Digital Library<\/a> ]<\/b><\/p>\n

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GLOSSARY The Abhidhamma Pitaka It deals with the philosophy and psychology of the Theravada school of Buddhism. The \u201ctheravada\u201d, however, refers to that school of Buddhism which, supposedly \u201cadhere to the most original and purest form of the Buddhist teachings\u201d, advocated by those theras (monks) who obtained the erudition directly through the Master. Further, they … GLOSSARY<\/span> →<\/span> \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50282,"featured_media":0,"parent":30985,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"template-jataka-stories.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-31135","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ignca.gov.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31135","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ignca.gov.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ignca.gov.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ignca.gov.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/50282"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ignca.gov.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31135"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ignca.gov.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31135\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ignca.gov.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30985"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ignca.gov.in\/hi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31135"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}